Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine

Based on testimony heard and staff research, the Commission on the Ukraine Famine makes the following findings:
     
  1. There is no doubt that large numbers of inhabitants of the Ukrainian SSR and the North Caucasus Territory starved to death in a man-made famine in 1932-1933, caused by the seizure of the 1932 crop by Soviet authorities.

    2.  
  2. The victims of the Ukrainian Famine numbered in the millions.

    3.  
  3. Official Soviet allegations of "kulak sabotage," upon which all "difficulties" were blamed during the Famine, are false.

    4.  
  4. The Famine was not, as is often alleged, related to drought.

    5.  
  5. In 1931-1932, the official Soviet response to a drought-induced grain shortage outside Ukraine was to send aid to the areas affected and to make a series of concessions to the peasantry.

    6.  
  6. In mid-1932, following complaints by officials in the Ukrainian SSR that excessive grain procurements had led to localized outbreaks of famine, Moscow reversed course and took an increasingly hard line toward the peasantry.

    7.  
  7. The inability of Soviet authorities in Ukraine to meet the grain procurements quota forced them to introduce increasingly severe measures to extract the maximum quantity of grain from the peasants.

    8.  
  8. In the Fall of 1932 Stalin used the resulting "procurements crisis" in Ukraine as an excuse to tighten his control in Ukraine and to intensify grain seizures further.

    9.  
  9. The Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933 was caused by the maximum extraction of agricultural produce from the rural population.

    10.  
  10. Officials in charge of grain seizures also lived in fear of punishment.

    11.  
  11. Stalin knew that people were starving to death in Ukraine by late 1932.

    12.  
  12. In January 1933, Stalin used the "laxity" of the Ukrainian authorities in seizing grain to strengthen further his control over the Communist Party of Ukraine and mandated actions which worsened the situation and maximized the loss of life.

    13.  
  13. Postyshev had a dual mandate from Moscow: to intensify the grain seizures (and therefore the Famine) in Ukraine and to eliminate such modest national self-assertion as Ukrainians had hitherto been allowed by the USSR.

    14.  
  14. While famine also took place during the 1932-1933 agricultural year in the Volga Basin and the North Caucasus Territory as a whole, the invasiveness of Stalin's interventions of both the Fall of 1932 and January 1933 in Ukraine are parallelled only in the ethnically Ukrainian Kuban region of the North Caucasus.

    15.  
  15. Attempts were made to prevent the starving from travelling to areas where food was more available.

    16.  
  16. Joseph Stalin and those around him committed genocide against Ukrainians in 1932-1933.

    17.  
  17. The American government had ample and timely information about the Famine but failed to take any steps which might have ameliorated the situation. Instead, the Administration extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviet government in November 1933, immediately after the Famine.

    18.  
  18. During the Famine certain members of the American press corps cooperated with the Soviet government to deny the existence of the Ukrainian Famine.

    19.  
  19. Recently, scholarship in both the West and, to a lesser extent, the Soviet Union has made substantial progress in dealing with the Famine. Although official Soviet historians and spokesmen have never given a fully accurate or adequate account, significant progress has been made in recent months.


Source: U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, April 19, 1988. Submitted to Congress April 22. 1988. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1988. 524p